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تست هيپنوتيزم پذيری گروهی استانفورد -فرم c
administration manual
stanford group hypnotic susceptibility scale, form c
helen j. crawford, ph.d.
steven n. allen, ph.d.
development date: 1982
this is an adaptation for group administration of the stanford hypnotic susceptibility scale, form c (shss:c weitzenhoffer & hilgard, 1962), with permission given by the authors of the original for this group version. it is an adaptation of a 10-point version developed by bruce d. sanders and errol d. schubot in november, 1969, in the laboratory of hypnosis research, stanford university. the present group version has all 12 of the original items, with changes made for group administration. unlike the original form c, all mention of sleep and sleepiness has been removed and replaced with relaxation in order to remove the false association between sleep and hypnosis.
norms have been developed at the university of wyoming and virginia polytechnic institute and state university for this group version. we have also compared the individual and group versions of the shss:c. the paper describing the development of the group version, its psychometric properties, and its comparison to the individual scale may be obtained from:
helen crawford, ph.d.
department of psychology
virginia polytechnic institute
and state university
blacksburg, virginia 24061-0436
phone: (540) 231-6520
fax: (540) 23l-3652
e-mail: hjc@vt.edu
materials needed
1. scoring booklet and pencil for each subject
2. stopwatch for timing item responses
3. bottles of unperfumed household ammonia (this may be
substituted by another odorous substance, such as
peppermint oil)
4. cardboard sheet, about two feet by one foot, painted
grey. styrofoam blocks (2" x 2" x 2") painted different
colors glued onto sheet about two inches apart from one
another. originally, we used colored squares of paper,
but later felt that the blocks more closely
approximated the original test.
5. observer rating sheet (if observer is to do scoring of
observable items)
the seating of subjects should be such that the experimenter can easily get to each subject. our preference has been the seating of subjects at tables, or at separate student disks, separated far enough from one another so that they would not touch one another during the motoric suggestions.
o. induction by eye closure
(1) now please seat yourself comfortably and rest your hands in your lap (or on the table). that's right. rest your hands comfortably. now look at your hands and find a spot on either hand and just focus on it. it doesn't matter what spot you choose; just select some spot to focus on. i shall refer to the spot which you have chosen as the target. that's right . . . hands relaxed . . . look directly at the target.
i am about to help you to relax, and meanwhile i shall give you some instructions that will help you gradually to enter a state of hypnosis. please look steadily at the target and while staring at it keep listening to my words. you can become hypnotized if you are willing to do what i tell you to, and if you concentrate on the target and on what i say. you have already shown your willingness by coming here today, and so i am assuming that your presence here means that you want to experience all that you can. you can be hypnotized only if you want to be. just do your best to concentrate on the target, to pay close attention to my words, and let happen whatever you feel is going to take place. just let yourself go. pay close attention to what i tell you to think about; if your mind wanders bring your thoughts back to the target and my words, and you can easily experience more of what it is like to be hypnotized. hypnosis is perfectly normal and natural, and follows from the conditions of attention and suggestion we are using together. it is chiefly a matter of focusing sharply on some particular thing. sometimes you experience something very much like hypnosis when driving along a straight highway and you are oblivious to the landmarks along the road. in hypnosis you will be very relaxed; you will continue to hear my voice and will be able to direct your thoughts to the topics i suggest. what i want from you is merely your willingness to go along and to let happen whatever is about to happen. nothing will be done to embarrass you.
(2) now take it easy and just let yourself relax. keep looking at the target as steadily as you can, thinking only of it and my words. if your eyes drift away, don't let that bother you . . . just focus again on the target. pay attention to how the target changes, how the shadows play around it, how it is sometimes fuzzy, sometimes clear. whatever you see is all right. just give way to whatever comes into your mind, but keep staring at the target a little longer. after awhile, however, you will have stared long enough, and your eyes will feel very tired, and you will wish strongly that they were closed. then they will close, as if by themselves. when this happens, just let it happen.
(3) as i continue to talk, you will find that you will become more and more relaxed, but not all people respond at the same rate to what i have to say. some people's eyes will close before others. when the time comes that your eyes have closed, just let them remain closed. you may find that i shall still give suggestions for your eyes to close. these suggestions will not bother you. they will be for other people. giving these suggestions to other people will not disturb you, but will simply allow you to relax more and more.
you will find that you can relax completely but at the same time sit comfortably in your chair with little effort. you will be able to shift your position to make yourself comfortable as needed without it disturbing you. relax more and more. as you think of relaxing, your muscles will relax. starting with your right foot, relax the muscles of your right leg . . . . now the muscles of your left leg . . . . just relax all over. relax your right hand, your forearm, upper arm, and shoulder . . . . now relax your left hand, your forearm, upper arm, and shoulder . . . relax your neck, and chest . . . and jaw and face . . . more and more relaxed . . . completely relaxed . . . completely relaxed.
(4) as you become relaxed your body will feel sort of heavy or perhaps numb. you will begin to have this feeling of numbness or heaviness in your legs and feet . . . in your hands and arms . . . throughout your body . . . as though you were settling deep into the chair. the chair is strong; it will hold your heavy body as it feels heavier and heavier. your eyelids feel heavy too, heavy. you are beginning to feel relaxed. you are breathing freely and deeply, freely and deeply. you are getting more and more relaxed. your eyelids are becoming heavier, more and more heavy.
(5) staring at the target so long has made your eyes very relaxed. your eyes hurt and your eyelids feel very heavy. soon you will no longer be able to keep your eyes open. you will have stood the discomfort long enough; your eyes are tired from staring, and your eyelids will feel too tired to remain open. your eyes are becoming moist from the strain. you are becoming more and more relaxed. the strain in your eyes is getting greater and greater. it would be a relief just to let your eyes close and to relax completely, to relax completely. you will soon have strained enough; the strain will be so great that you will welcome your eyes closing of themselves, of themselves.
(6) your eyes are tired and your eyelids feel very heavy. your whole body feels heavy and relaxed. you feel a pleasant warm tingling throughout your body as you get more and more relaxed. relaxed. keep your thoughts on what i am saying; listen to my voice. your eyes are getting blurred from straining. you can hardly see the target, your eyes are so strained. the strain is getting greater, greater and greater, greater and greater. your eyelids are heavy. very heavy. getting heavier and heavier, heavier and heavier. they are pushing down, down, down. your eyelids seem weighted and heavy, pulled down by the weight . . . so heavy . . . . your eyes are blinking, blinking. . . closing, closing.
your eyes may have closed by now, and if they have not, they would soon close themselves. but there is no need to strain them more. you have concentrated well upon your target, and have become very relaxed. now we have come to the time when you may just let your eyes close. that's it, now close them.
(7) you now feel very relaxed, but you are going to become even more relaxed. it is easier to relax now that your eyes are closed. you will keep them closed until i tell you to open them or until i tell you to arouse yourself . . . you feel pleasantly relaxed as you continue to listen to my voice. just keep your thoughts on what i am saying. you are going to get much more relaxed. soon you will be deeply so but you will have no trouble hearing me. you will not arouse yourself until i tell you to . . . . soon i shall begin to count from one to twenty. as i count you will feel yourself going down farther and farther into a deep restful state, but you will be able to do all sorts of things i ask you to do without being aroused . . . . one -- you are going to go more deeply . . . . two -- down, down into a deep state . . . . three -- four -- more and more . . . . five -- six -- seven -- you are sinking into a deep, deep state. nothing will disturb you . . . . i would like you to hold your thoughts on my voice and those things i tell you to think of. you are finding it easy just to listen to the things i tell you . . . . eight -- nine -- ten -- halfway there -- always deeper . . . eleven -- twelve -- thirteen -- fourteen -- fifteen -- although deep you can hear me clearly. you will always hear me distinctly no matter how deep you feel you are. sixteen -- seventeen -- eighteen -- deep. nothing will disturb you. you are going to experience many things i will tell you to experience . . . . nineteen -- twenty. deep! you will not arouse yourself until i tell you to. you will wish to remain in this comfortable state and to have the experiences i describe to you.
i want you to realize that you will be able to write, to move, and to open your eyes if i ask you to do so, and still remain just as hypnotized as you are. no matter what you do, you will remain hypnotized until i tell you otherwise . . . . all right, then . . . .
(end of induction)
1. hand lowering
now hold your right arm out at shoulder height, with the palm of your hand up. your right arm straight out in front of you, the palm up. there, that's right . . . . attend carefully to this hand, how it feels, what is going on in it. notice whether or not it is a little numb, or tingling -- the slight effort it takes to keep from bending your wrist
-- any breeze blowing on it. pay close attention to your hand now. imagine that you are holding something heavy in your hand. . . maybe a heavy baseball or a heavy rock . . . something heavy. shape your fingers around as though you were holding this heavy object that you imagine is in your hand. that's it . . . . now the hand and arm feel heavy, as if the weight were pressing down . . . and as it feels heavier and heavier the hand and arm begin to move down . . . as if forced down . . . moving . . . moving . . . down . . . down . . . more and more down. . . heavier . . . heavier . . . the arm is more and more tired and strained . . . down . . . slowly but surely . . . down, down . . . more and more down . . . the weight is so great, the hand is so heavy . . . you feel the weight more and more . . . . the arm is too heavy to hold back . . . . it goes down, down, down . . . more and more down . . . .
allow ten seconds
(if observer is rating, rate performance at end of 10 seconds)
that's good . . . . now let your hand go back to its original position and relax. you probably experienced much more heaviness and tiredness in your arm than you would have if you had not concentrated on it and had not imagined something trying to force it down. now just relax . . . . your hand and arm are now as they were, not feeling tired or strained . . . . all right, just relax.
2. moving hands apart
now extend your arms ahead of you, with palms facing each other, hands close together but not touching. arms ahead of you, palms facing each other, hands close together but not touching.
i want you to imagine a force acting on your hands to push them apart, as though one hand was repelling the other. you are thinking of your hands being forced apart, and they begin to more apart . . . separating . . . separating . . . moving apart . . . wider apart . . . more and more apart . . . more and more . . .
allow ten seconds
(if observer is rating, rate performance at end of ten seconds)
that's fine. you notice how closely thought and movement are related. now place your hands back in their resting positions and relax . . . your hands back in their resting position and relax.
3. mosquito hallucination
you have been listening to me very carefully, paying close attention. you may not have noticed a mosquito that has been buzzing, singing, as mosquitos do . . . . listen to it now . . . hear its high pitched buzzing as it flies around your right hand . . . . it is landing on your hand . . . perhaps it tickles a little . . . there it flies away again . . . you hear its high buzz . . . . it's back on your hand tickling . . . it might bite you . . . you don't like this mosquito . . . . you'd like to be rid of it . . . . go ahead, brush it off . . . get rid of it if it bothers you . . .
allow ten seconds
(if observer is rating, rate performance at end of 10 seconds)
it's gone . . . that's a relief . . . you are no longer bothered . . . the mosquito has disappeared. no more mosquito. now relax, relax completely.
4. taste hallucination
i want you to think of something sweet in your mouth. imagine that you have something sweet tasting in your mouth, like a little sugar . . and as you think about this sweet taste you can actually begin to experience a sweet taste . . . . it may at first be faint, but it will grow and grow . . . and grow . . . . now you begin to notice a sweet taste in your mouth . . . the sweet taste is increasing . . . sweeter and sweeter . . . . it will get stronger . . . it often takes a few moments for such a taste to reach it full strength . . . . it is now getting stronger . . . stronger . . .
allow ten seconds
(if observer is rating, rate overt movement at end of 10 seconds)
all right. now notice that something is happening to that taste. it is changing . . . . you are now beginning to have a sour taste in your mouth . . . an acid taste, as if you have some lemon in your mouth, or vinegar . . . . the taste in your mouth is getting more and more sour, more acid . . . more and more sour . . . .
allow ten seconds
(if observer is rating, rate overt movement at end of ten seconds)
all right. now the sour taste is going away and your mouth feels just as it did before i mentioned any tastes at all. your mouth is normal now. there, it's quite normal now . . . and you just continue to relax . . . more and more relaxed . . . .
5. arm rigidity (right)
please hold your right arm straight out in front of you and fingers straight out too. that's it, right arm straight out. think of your arm becoming stiffer and stiffer . . . stiff . . . very stiff . . . as you think of its becoming stiff you will feel it become stiff . . . more stiff and rigid, as though your arm were in a splint so the elbow cannot bend . . . stiff . . . held stiff, so that it cannot bend. a tightly splinted arm cannot bend . . . . your arm feels stiff as if tightly splinted . . . . test how stiff and rigid it is . . . try to bend it . . . try . . . .
allow ten seconds
(if observer is rating, rate performance at end of 10 seconds)
that's fine. your arm is no longer at all stiff. you will have an opportunity to experience many things. you probably noticed how your arm became stiffer as you thought of it as stiff, and how much effort it took to try to bend it. place it back in position, and relax.
6. dream
we are very much interested in finding out what hypnosis and being hypnotized means to people. one of the best ways of finding out is through the dreams that people have while they are hypnotized. some people dream directly about the meaning of hypnosis, while others dream about this meaning in an indirect way, symbolically, by dreaming about something which does not seem outwardly to be related to hypnosis, but may very well be. now neither you nor i know what sort of a dream you are going to have, but i am going to allow you to rest for a little while and you are going to have a dream . . . a real dream . . . just the kind you have when you are asleep at night. when i stop talking to you very shortly, you will begin to dream. you will have a dream about hypnosis. you will dream about what hypnosis means . . . . now you are falling asleep . . . . deeper and deeper asleep . . . . deeper and deeper asleep . . . very much like when you sleep at night . . . . soon you will be deep asleep, soundly asleep. as soon as i stop talking you will begin to dream. when i speak to you again you will stop dreaming, if you still happen to be dreaming, and you will listen to me just as you have been doing. if you stop dreaming before i speak to you again, you will remain pleasantly and deeply relaxed . . . . now sleep and dream . . . . deep asleep.
allow two minutes. then say:
the dream is over. if you had a dream you can remember every detail of it clearly, very clearly. you do not feel particularly sleepy or different from the way you felt before i told you to fall asleep and to dream, and you continue to remain deeply hypnotized. whatever you dreamed you can remember quite clearly, and i want you to review it in your mind from the beginning so you could tell it to someone or write it down if asked to at a later time. go ahead now and review it in your mind.
allow twenty seconds
all right. that's all for the dream.
7. age regression
continue to go deeper and deeper into the hypnotic state. now you are going to be given paper and pencil. please keep your eyes closed, but take the pencil in your writing hand in such a way that you can easily write on the paper with the pencil. remember to keep your eyes closed. please raise the hand you write with up a little so we know which hand to give the pencil. i (and my assistant) will go around and place a pencil in your hand and paper under it. be sure to keep your eyes closed. [(experimenter, and assistant if there is one, goes around to each subject and places the pencil into the appropriately raised hand and puts paper ((often in the booklet)) under the hand.)] now, at the top of the paper, keeping your eyes closed please write your name . . . . and, while you are at it, please write your age and the date. (pause until all subjects are done.) that's fine. keep the paper and pencil in your hands, move your hand down the paper, and listen closely to me. i would like you to think about when you were in the fourth or fifth grade of school, whichever you prefer. choose one of them now. in a little while you will find yourself once again a little child on a very nice day, sitting in class in the fourth or fifth grade, writing or drawing on some paper . . . . i shall now count to five and at the count of five you will be back in the fourth or fifth grade . . . but no matter what you experience you will continue to hear my voice, and you will continue to do what i tell you to do . . . . one, you are going back into the past. it is no longer (state present year), nor (state an earlier year) or (state still earlier year), but much earlier. two, you are becoming increasingly younger and smaller . . . . three, presently you will be back there, and you will feel an experience exactly as you did once before on a very nice day when you were sitting in class, writing or drawing. four, very soon you will be there . . . . once again a little child in class. you are nearly there now . . . . in a few moments you will be right back there. five! you are now a small child in a classroom sitting happily in school.
allow ten seconds
you have paper and are holding a pencil. i would like you to write your name on the paper with this pencil . . . . write your name now . . . . (pause until almost all are finished writing) . . . . that's fine, and now please write down your age . . . . (pause until almost all are finished writing) . . . and the date and the day of the week . . . . (pause until almost all are finished writing) . . . .
presently you will no longer be in this grade, but you will be still younger, back at a happy day in either the first or second grade, whichever you prefer. choose one of them now. i shall count to "two", and then you will be in either the first or second grade. one, you are becoming smaller still, and going back to a very nice day when you were in school . . . . two, you are now there, sitting happily in school with some paper and pencil.
allow ten seconds
you are sitting happily in school. would you please write your name on the paper . . . . (pause until almost all are finished writing) . . . . that's good . . . . and now write how old you are . . . (pause until all are finished writing) . . . that's fine . . . . and now you can grow up again and come right back to (state present date) in (name of locale of testing). you are no longer a little child, but a grown up person sitting in a chair deeply hypnotized.
when you have returned completely to the present (state present date), i want you to hold the pencil that you have been writing with in the air . . . . (wait until subjects have pencils in the air) . . . . keep the pencil in the air until it is collected. when collected, then you may let your arm go back to its original resting position. and you will continue to be deeply hypnotized . . . . (experimenter, or assistant, collects pencils and turns page in each subject's booklet. move booklet so the subject will not accidentally touch it.)
fine, everything is back as it was. now just continue to be comfortably relaxed.
8. arm immobilization
now place your left hand and arm on your lap (or on the table), not touching your right hand and arm. you are very relaxed and comfortable, with a feeling of heaviness throughout your body. i want you now to think about your left arm and hand. pay close attention to them. they feel numb and heavy, very heavy. how heavy your left hand feels . . . even as you think about how heavy it is, it grows heavier and heavier
. . . your left arm is getting heavier . . . heavy . . . heavy . . . your hand is getting heavier, very heavy, as though it were being pressed against your lap (the table). you might like to find out a little later how heavy your hand is -- it seems much too heavy to move
-- but in spite of being so heavy, maybe you can move it a little, but maybe it is too heavy even for that . . . . why don't you see how heavy it is . . . . just try to lift your hand up, just try.
allow ten seconds
(if observer is rating, rate performance at end of 10 seconds)
that's fine. you see how it was harder to lift than usual because of the relaxed state you are in. now place your hand back in its resting position and relax. your hand and arm now feel normal again. they are no longer heavy. just relax . . . relax all over.
9. anosmia to ammonia
in a moment you are not going to be able to smell any odors . . . . even now you are becoming less and less able to smell or feel any odors . . . you can smell odors less and less . . . . very soon you will be unable to smell even the strongest of odors . . . . now you can no longer smell anything at all . . . you can no longer smell any odors. i am (and my assistant are) going to place a bottle of an odorous substance under your nose so that you can see for yourself that your sense of smell is completely gone, and you can't smell anything . . . your nose is completely insensitive . . . . see for yourself that your nose is anesthesized, incapable of smelling any odors . . . . when we touch your shoulder, you will take a good sniff . . . . (experimenter, and assistant if there is one, touches subject's shoulder and brings bottle of ammonia 1" away from subject's nose. if you have a number of subjects, repeat the suggestion as you walk around).
(if subject fails to sniff satisfactorily, say quietly:)
you can take a better sniff than that. (again place bottle under nose) . . . . go ahead and take a good sniff and see that you really can't smell. (experimenter notes any overt movement).
(after all have sniffed:) all right. you see how it was harder to smell than usual because of the relaxed state you are in. now your nose is returning to its normal state of smell. in a moment you will be able to smell as you have always been able to do . . . . now you can smell fine, as well as ever. everything is normal again . . . we are through with odors . . . . just sit back and relax.
10. hallucinated voice
continue to go deeper and deeper into the hypnotic state. now you are going to be given paper and a pencil. please keep your eyes closed, but take the pencil in your writing hand in such a way that you can easily write on the paper. remember to keep your eyes closed. please raise the hand you write with up a little so we know which hand to give the pencil. (experimenter, and assistant if there is one, goes around to each subject, turns the booklet to the appropriate page, and places the pencil into the appropriately raised hand and puts a pad under the hand.)
i forgot to mention to you awhile ago that there is someone in the office who wants to ask you some questions about yourself for our records, such as how old you are, where you were born, how many brothers and sisters you have, and a few other factual questions. i hope you won't mind answering these questions. the questions will be asked over a loudspeaker microphone combination which is on the wall here. please keep your eyes closed while you write the replies to the questions. now hold your pencil ready to write your replies on the paper. the loudspeaker has just been turned on. there's the first question . . .
allow ten seconds
that's fine. let's go on to something else. there is no longer any voice asking questions. keep your pencil in your hand and move it slightly lower on the paper. keep your eyes closed.
11. negative visual hallucination: three blocks
while you sit there with your eyes closed, i am holding a large cardboard sheet in front of me.
in a little while i am going to ask you to open your eyes and look at the cardboard sheet in front of me, remaining as hypnotized as you now are. there are two colored blocks on the cardboard. two colored blocks and nothing else . . . . all right, open your eyes slowly, and look at the two blocks. notice the colors of the blocks you see.
allow ten seconds
close your eyes . . . please take your pencil and write down the colors of the blocks you saw when you first opened your eyes. when you are through writing, please hold your pencil in the air.
(when all subjects are finished writing:) but now open your eyes again and look hard, and you will see that there are really three colored blocks. three colored blocks. close your eyes and relax as i take away the cardboard sheet. i am now going around to each of you to turn the page in your booklet and take your pencil. (experimenter turns page and collects pencil.) if you set the booklet open to the amnesia inquiry page, it is now ready for the subjects to reach for and get.
12. post-hypnotic amnesia
stay completely relaxed, but listen carefully to what i tell you next. in a little while i shall begin counting backwards from twenty to one. you will awaken gradually, but you will still be in your present state for most of the count. when i reach "five" you will open your eyes, but you will not be fully aroused. by the time i get to "one" you will be entirely roused up, in your normal state of wakefulness. you will have been so relaxed, however, that you will have trouble recalling the things i have said to you and the things you did or experienced. it will prove to cost so much effort to recall that you will prefer not to try. it will be much easier just to forget everything from this hypnosis session until i tell you that you can remember. you will forget all that has happened in this hypnosis session until i say to you: now you can remember everything! you will not remember anything from this hypnosis session until then. after you wake up you will feel refreshed and good.
i shall now count backwards from twenty, and at "five," not sooner, you will open your eyes and be fully aroused when i reach "one." at "one" you will be fully awake, ready, now: 20 - 19 - 18 - 17 - 16 - 15 - 14 - 13 - 12 - 11 - halfway - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - open your eyes - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1. now you feel wide awake.
now please reach and take your booklet. look at the page to which your booklet is open. (read the instructions which are on this page).
allow three minutes
listen carefully to my words: now you can remember everything. please turn to the next page of the booklet. (read instructions on page).
allow two minutes
now please turn to the next page of your booklet and answer the questions. please do not return to the earlier pages. you will find listed on this page and the following pages the specific happenings which were suggested to you during the standard hypnotic procedure. please read the instructions with me at the top of the page along with me. (read instructions). now answer each item. do not leave any blank. if you have any questions, please indicate that to me. (if you wish the subjects to finish quicker, we recommend reading the questions aloud until you reach the dream item. at that point you can tell the subjects to answer this item and then continue answering on their own, all questions on their own until they are finished.)
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
note: to insure that there are no transient after-experiences, which are uncommon and rarely lasting in nature, the final question addresses what the experience was like for the subject. when we gather the questionnaire we check all pages to determine that they are filled out correctly, as well as reading the dream's content and their response to the experience question. if there are any indications that the subject should be interviewed further, you can at this time arrange this. also it is recommended that you always indicate where you can be reached for the next couple of hours (room and phone number) in case the subjects "have any questions."
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